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The natural rubber CircleDitions enclose roughly the same territory, which is slenderly larger than the region bounded by the glacial Circle, and will be used as the basis for this article.The largest Arctic tundra areas are in Canada, Russia, Greenland (Kalatdlit-Nunat), Scandinavia, Iceland and Alaska.Climate and lay Formation Tundra climate is characterized by harsh winters, low average temperatures, small-scale snow or rainfall, and a short summer season (Goudie 1993). The opposite tundra, in particular, is influenced by permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen undersoil in the ground. The out-of-doors soil, which tends to be rocky, thaws in summer to varying depths. The combine of frozen ground and flat terrain on the tundra impedes the drainage of water. Held at the surface or saturating the upper layer of soil, the water forms ponds and bogs that provide moisture for plants, thereby counteracting the low precipitation.In relatively well-drained locations, the period ic freezing and thawing of the soi gy are likewise extremely important. Some animals adapt well to Arctic conditions for instance, a form of species of mammals and birds carry additional insulation, such as fat, in cold months (Urquhart 1995).The Arctic has more than 400 species of flowering plants. The vast stretches of tundra that cover the plains and coastal regions lie down of low creeping shrubs, grasses, thick growths of lichens and mosses, and herbs and sedges.Abundant animal life inhabits the Arctic, both on land and in the sea. Arctic mammals include polar bear, arctic fox, ermine, marten, arctic wolf, wolverine, walrus, seal, caribou, reindeer (domesticated caribou), musk-ox, lemming, arctic hare, and many species of whale.Birds are plentiful throughout the Arctic Regions. The guillemot and little auk nest by the thousands along cliffs. Ravens, snow buntings, and sandpipers have been seen in the remotest northern land regions, as have the snowy owl and the gyrfalcon. m ingled species of gull, including the jaeger, also range far t laska and northern Canada still surveil a subsistence lifestyle. They live as their ancestors have, measuring their lives with the caribou.The Porcupine caribou crowd sustains some 7,000 aboriginal people in northern Canada and Alaska. They rely on caribou meat for food and on the herd for learning the shipway of their culture. For the Gwichin, which means "caribou people," this animal is the spiritual center of life. Young custody learn from their fathers and uncles how to hunt wisely and use all parts of the animal.