Corporate Social Responsibility of Microsoft Corporation Essay

Corporate amicable Responsibility of Microsoft potty - Essay ExampleCorporate Social Responsibility of Microsoft Corporation Corporate social responsibility indicates the concept whereby the business organizations, along with their business activities, aims to cover the social and environmental issues through moveing with stakeholders at various levels and integrating business process with socio-environmental orientation. In this report, the intent of the world famous technology company, Microsoft Corporation towards their corporate social responsibility will be investigates. Microsoft Corporation is the leading developer, manufacturer, licence provider and seller of reckoner software, hardware and services in the whole world. As on 2014, this America based company has generated revenue of US$ 93.58 billion and is responsible for employment of 118,584 individuals passim the world (Microsoft Corporation, 2014). Naturally, in order run such widespread business, the business orga nization is required to interact with various entities in the global environment and society at large. Microsoft Corporation started operating in the computer software and electronics industry of United States in 1975. The founder, Mr. Bill Gates has driven the organization so efficiently that within a short span of time, it conquered the whole world. The company is renowned for its software products such as Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, Skype, Xbox etc. and services such as MSN, Bing, and Outlook etc. Xbox is considered to be the flagship hardware product for Microsoft Corporation.

HUM WK7 CHECKPOINT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUM WK7 CHECKPOINT - Essay ExampleJudaism is conventional in nature and holds on religious, value-systemal and the social laws articulated in torah, writings and prophets. Judaism comprises of orthodox, the conservative, reformist, and the reconstructionist who differ in liberality from traditional beliefs (Azmah, 2004)Judaism emphasizes practice more than the belief. Their worship is in synagogues that replaced the second temple in 70 C.E. after its destruction.Judaism focuses on rituals performed in synagogues. Rituals like praying occur daily while others occur weekly. Repetition of the rituals brings them finisher to God (Azmah, 2004).Central practices involve gathering in churches for worship. Rituals and practices among Christians depend on the denomination. Worship services be on Sundays where Christians pray, sing and preach (Azmah, 2004).Rituals and practices among the Muslims are few but darned crucial. They believe in v Moslem pillars of confession, the ritual prayer, the alms tax, pilgrimage to Mecca and law of fasting during Ramadan. Other practices include mystical Sufism rituals and the Shiite practices (Azmah, 2004).Some of their ethic and morality include belief in god, prohibition from improper worship, murder, oaths, theft, adultery, false witness and coveting, respect to Sabbath, parents and teachers (Azmah, 2004).In Islam, ethical requirements and their morality discourages interest on loans and lending people money with the intention of financial gains. Islamic morals also teach adherence to the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (Azmah,

Why did Slavery Come to be the Dominant Labor System in the Southern Essay

Why did Slavery Come to be the ascendent Labor System in the Southern Colonies - Essay ExampleThe workforce in the agricultural arena in the southern colonies was mainly comprised of Europeans servants who worked on indenture basis. Although the Europeans still offered labor, African slaves were the better choice for industrial planters because they were flashy to maintain and more productive. By mid(prenominal) seventeenth century there was a colossal parapraxis towards slave labor in the south since demand for food was rising with expanding markets. At this time Africans had started to be shipped and be sold as slaves to the Statesns. The climate and soil in the south were more favorable for husbandry than those of the north. This made the sound to be heavily dependent on labor for development of orchards. The south as stated above was an i bulk region for agriculture all year round and crops like tobacco plant and rice thrived well. These crops are labor intensive and the props were quite vast. Therefore, a huge potential of the southern lands remained untapped considering that there were many waterways where crops could be transported to overseas markets. As these farms grew labor shortages became intense and by the end of the 17th century more than 500 Africans had been bought as slaves to meet the demand (Schneider and Schneider 48). This trend was soon followed by insularity of indentured European servants since many had saved enough to buy their own land and start farming. the States was quite big and un utilize by then and the Europeans found no reason not to surmise into far away lands. The Bacons Rebellion also saw many planters release white servants as they proved to be a danger to political stability. In this regards an alternative had to be sought to riposte the exodus of the white servants. By mid 18th century a total of 235,000 Africans were in America and 85% of them worked in the southern colonies of Virginia, Georgia, North and S outh Carolina (73). African slaves however came to be fully exploited after failed trials were made on Native Americans (Rodriguez 106). Many of them died from European diseases while many others ran away since they knew the land better than the Europeans. This left the planters no choice but to take in African slaves. This followed a massive expansion of plantations in Georgia and South Carolina which translated to increased production levels of rice and tobacco. These slaves did a great deal of work which the white servants had refused to do for example draining of swamps. West Africans came in handy especially in rice growing plantations since they were familiar with the kind of work required as their mother lands grew rice. Slaves worked for 15 hours on a daily basis especially during the harvest season (Norton and Sheriff 27). One overseer was required to negociate a minimum of 20 slaves doing back-breaking work and when a slave lazed around, the overseer was supposed to whip them. The incident that slaves were cheap to buy and maintain saw planters buy them in masses so as to plant and cultivate more. As earlier indicated slaves used to work for many hours per day which translated to bumper harvests and therefore booming plantation business. Many plantation owners like the Byrd family from Virginia turned to be quite wealthy (58). Such families came together to approach pattern elite classes of planters in the southern states who ensured that slave trade remained because it was a lifeline to their wealth. Southern colonies had vast copious lands for agriculture where Europeans worked as servants on indenture basis. The vastness and the need to grow crops on large photographic plate raised the need to have more workers. Slave trade was on the rise by mid 17th century and it saw many planters buy African slaves to work in

Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

1 - Assignment ExampleSuch confusion happens because speech sounds and meanings cogitate in an arbitrary manner. In other speech, in that respect is no rational and logical relationship amid speech sounds and meanings.The Portuguese model goat best illustrate language arbitrariness. Similarity in speech should not be an issue, and neither should the nomenclature be understandable to a foreigner. However, the tribesmen need to understand what words mean. The Portuguese words tigre-dente-de-sabre mean a sabre toothed tiger. These words are the signifier. Suppose star was to go back 40 years and ask a Portuguese where to find a tiger with a sabre tooth, he or she would shed no idea about it. The reason is that there is no connection between the words and the animal in question. Maybe one would wonder how the words are signified or related to the animal.According to Tomasello, every sign is arbitrary and has conventional associations, which have been established by a social rule (Tomasello 87). At first, one could argue that the statement is altogether flawed, especially when onomatopoeic words are concerned. However, when one looks gives a detailed look at unique(predicate) languages, one will notice certain differences. For instance, cock-a-doodle-doo is the English representation of a cocks boast whereas cocorico is the French version of the same. It is unlikely that cocks in Britain and France crow differently.In conclusion, all languages are arbitrary further it does not mean they are unpredictable. Precisely, arbitrariness means that one cannot exactly predict specific features that can be found in a language. It is impossible to predict what sounds will occur. Languages have their systems that differentiate sounds and meanings. not every new concept necessitates the creation of a new word. The flank of a plane, for instance, was lifted from the wing of a bird. Moreover, a banker and a baker sound almost the same

Implementing Electronic Health Record innovations for Pressure Ulcer Essay

Implementing Electronic wellness Record innovations for Pressure Ulcer legal community and Management - Essay ExampleRegardless of the size of the project, the good integration of a skilled workforce, proven strategies and technology at MICU, would see the successful implementation of the class in various units for easy use by clinicians. If properly utilized, EHR can be the silver locoweed to the problem of inconsistencies that argon the order of the day in documenting hug ulcer management processes through paper-work. Prevention of Pressure Ulcer According to Hagens and Krose (2009), to maximize the benefits the EHR for Pressure Ulcer prevention and management, it would be vital to corroborate problem lists, medical prescription lists and sensitivity lists in all units manipulation the patients s(National Pressure Ulcer informative Panel, 2007). In the MICU case, medical assistants or skin c are specialists should enter medications and sensitivities from the paper work, and physicians would enter the problem lists. It would be appropriate to enter data shortly onwards an appointment is due, and take the chart to scanning. In doing so, the pressure ulcer management units will have an entirely electronic chart ready for patient handling when the patient arrives at the units (Kerr, 2009). Alternatively, it would be appropriate to enlist registered nurses for the task of problem list entry before the program is ready for use by various clinicians. Assessment for Pressure Ulcer For acute care, the number 1 assessment should be carried out on admission and after both 1-2 days or whenever the cultivate of the patient changes (Clarke, Bradley, Whytock, Handfield, Van der Wal, & Gundry, 2005). At MICU, the system would be programmed to notify the health care providers to do assessments all(prenominal) 24 hours. For home health, the first assessment would be carried out on admission, and re-examination done as concisely as the patient resumes care, during recertification, refer or release, or whenever the patients health condition changes (Adler, 2010). At MICU, it would be appropriate to reassess the patients condition at each nursing visit. And for long-run care in MICU, the initial screening for patients would be appropriately done on admission and every week during subsequent missions. Determining Risk Levels Several electronic tools for risk assessment are neighborly to assist in predicting the level of risk of the disease (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2007). They include machines with value that when summed up together, can enable the health care providers to determine the risk score in totality. The Braden and Norton Scales are proven tools that can be used to provide an electronic data for predicting the risk of pressure ulcer risk in MICU. According to Ayello, Capitulo, Fife, Fowler, Krasner, Mulder, Sibbald, and Yankowsky (2009), these tools help clinicians to determine the risk values, which eventually can le ad to the verbalism of the most appropriate and opportune medical interventions. Norton Scale The Norton Scale comprises five groups physical and mental conditions mobility, activity, and incontinence. These factors are valued from 1 4 (Tavenner, & Sebelius, 2012). The total values usually range from 5 to 20. An entry of the succeeding(a) data to the EHR system can help clinicians to cope with the condition in a more efficacious and faster way Mild Risk values at 14 Moderate Risk at 13 and High Risk at 12. The scale should be credible and kept in such(prenominal) condition to avoid errors in the final readings of data (Liang, 2007). Any alterations can change or bed it an

Fisher & Paykel Market Audit and Competitive Analysis Essay

Fisher & Paykel Market Audit and Competitive Analysis - set about ExampleIt is evident from the study that Australia has experienced a high demand for white goods increase and it would be feasible for Fisher & Paykel to commence business where the demand for its product is high. Fisher & Paykel a well cognize manufacturing company of white goods would supply two main products in Australia the washing machine and dishwasher which was tardily introduced by the company. Since the demand is high the competition is stiff and thus Fisher & Paykel decided to promote is product through television pint media and by giving offers with the purchase of its products. As concerned with the pricing dodging the company would follow competitive based pricing. The company has projectned a corporate and strategic plan to reinforce actions and implement it for which it has set up a long term vision 2020. Fisher & Paykel would wasting disease the Data quality Objective to measure its environmental performance and track a record of the actions that take to be done. Along with it the company would develop team membership to perform effectively. The company core gratify is towards environment sustainability and thus focuses primarily on the behavioural audit of the management and tries to find out the act that Fisher & Paykel has been performing with regards to the safety of the environment. The company would develop proactive as well as thermolabile strategy in terms of environment sustainability which would report to the management on quarterly basis and in the long run the report aims to provide recommendation to the company in terms of environment sustainability. ... ns communicated to various stakeholders 17 severalize the various stakeholders sentiments about the environment 18 Product 18 Packaging 19 CEOs (or the expose senior(a) decision makers) attitude toward the environment 20 CEOs (or the key senior decision makers) education and background 20 CEOs (or the k ey senior decision makers) participation 21 Office (admin) efficiency 21 Analysis of the nature and types of environmental safety actions being undertaken 22 Reporting 23 Recommendations 24 Reference 26 foot Introduction of the company Fisher & Paykel Appliances manufactures designs and markets innovative household appliances which are developed to provide technology, user friendly, design and environmental awareness. Fisher & Paykel is one of the biggest manufacturing company producing household appliances. Its wholly owned subsidiary includes production machinery limited which builds on production equipment Dynamic prep systems Inc which is based in US which manufactures both indoor and outdoor cooking products Fishers and Paykel Italy which manufactures European cooking products. The company manufacturing sites is located in parvenue Zealand, Italy, Thailand and Mexico (Fisher & Paykel, n.d). History Fisher & Paykel was founded in Auckland, New Zealand in 1934 by Wool Fisher a nd his friend Maurice Paykel to import refrigerators, washing machines and mantle radios. In the yr 1938, import and restriction on foreign exchange lead the company to consider manufacturing. A social class later the company started to manufacture refrigerators and washing machines. The company expanded its business and moved to larger exposit and by 1949 the company started to produce 600 washing machines, 700 vacuum cleaners and 500 refrigerators. In 1956, Fisher & Paykel

Different sectors and their current performance Essay

Different sectors and their current performance - Essay ExampleUnited estates construction sector is important for the countrys economy and has a number of services,products and technologies. These protest in economic value realized from them relative to their varied outputs regarding skilled and unskilled labor, knowledge, raw materials, impalpable investment and raw materials. It must also be noteworthy that the construction industry in the UK has been evolution in terms of maintaining, designing and developing, operating and repairing of buildings (CIB, 2010). These and more atomic number 18 captured in this paper which attends into five discern sectors in the UK construction industry. Private theater builders Private house builders in the United Kingdom usually raise money to put up buildings and projects. They ar then paid by their clients or the governance upon completion of the projects but with interest (CLG, 2010). The payment is distributed evenly over a given contracted flowing of time when the building surgical process runs. Their roles comprise building of houses, large buildings, estates as well as developing structured facilities for example manufacturing buildings. They are mostly associated with cheap labor which they employ in the building process speckle at the end of the day they reap huge sums of money in return which warranty them huge profits. Some of the activities which are presently being worked on by private house builders admit putting up of a 75-storey Hertsmene House on the Canary Wharf and building up of residential houses in new towns (CIMR, 2003). This housing project is set to manage three years and its benefits are communicate to boost the countrys economy. This will be in terms of investment prospects which have since been delineate and planned for the building once it is complete. genial house builders UK has in the recent past had an increased esteem in thespian housing need hence calling for new de velopments to build houses for workers (BIS, 2012). Social house builders are concerned with such building developments in which they are charged with the task of building worker houses. This considers costs for constructing the houses which are usually a target of low cost ownership of homes for workers. There are quite a number of social house builders whereby some work as single entities while others work in partnerships. This has also led to emergence of associations for housing projects and at least 5000 new homes are said to be in the process of being constructed at the moment (Leftly, 2010). These are projected to take approximately a year and are set to benefit the worker community especially in relieving them from the strain of house seeking at convenient places. Social house builders understand the specific needs and requirements which are associated with affordable housing constructions. This is mainly with regards to housing designs and building approaches employed in bu ilding the houses. Social house builders are always focused on benchmarking their present position while also look into ways of improving their building performances (UKCES, 2012). They are also keen to offer affordable housing and tending in addressing particular needs of people relative to culture, security, language as well as handiness to services. Private commercialized builders Output of commercial building process in the UK has off late been noted to account for 18 per cent of all the work associated with construction industry (UKCES, 2012). Private commercial builders has however, been on the rise in the country with most of them targeting construction in various areas. They have been into construction of residential buildings whereby new building projects, renovation works, home improvements and extension projects have been part of their dealings. They have also been into commercial construction projects both in the public sector and private sector. Their main concentrat ion has been construction of both commercial and residential build

Evaluate an Entrepreneurial Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Evaluate an Entrepreneurial Venture - Essay Example3billion (Cozon, 2013). In less than four years, Dyson managed to become a commercialize leader, as regard sales in vacuum unused-clean cleaners, both in the US and UK markets, which clearly shows its success story. However, the journey that started with launching the Ballbarrow in the 1970s to the work of the extremely successful vacuum cleaner in the 2000s has been a rather difficult one. It involved struggles in procuring funds during the initial years to fighting court cases against multinational rivals for patent rights. Despite these major setbacks, Sir pile Dyson persevered, and transformed his company into a leading manufacturing company in the market, amidst stiff competition from otherwise openhanded multinational brands. Dyson is considered as a great entrepreneur and his sense of innovation and business acumen is unpatterned in his marketing of a product that used a technology rejected by other product manufactu rers. The product, when launched, was priced at double the average market rates for similar products and there were very unretentive advertisements and marketing done to promote it instead, DAL commissioned retailers through their own efforts, an occasional article that exposit the product was published in newspapers, and the name was made to spread by a general reciprocation of mouth. Key Historical Facts James Dyson, a British entrepreneur in 1973, founded Dyson Appliances Ltd. ... The Hoover Junior vacuum cleaner he owned did not perform as he wanted and therefore took it upon himself to arrest a better model. Between 1979 and 1984, Dyson developed over 5000 models of vacuum cleaners trying to make them much efficient. When he produced the first fully functional prototype, he had problems getting licenses in the European and American markets, chiefly because other more established manufacturers feared the competition brought Dysons company. The company has a long history si nce its composition in the 1970s. Here, we will examine some of the key historical facts such as products, market entry, sustenance and others critical to its start up. i.) Products In 1986, Dyson began the manufacture of the DC-series of vacuum cleaners. These had a lot of success on the market as discussed in the market entry segment. This series started with the DC01, DC02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 08T, DC9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 24, and DC25. Besides the vacuum cleaners, the company also deals in hand dryers. It is the manufacturer of the Air-blade hand dryer series. This series comprises of AB01, AB03, AB06, AB07, AB08, AB09, AB10, and AB11 (Dyson, 1998). The company also diversified into production of a bladeless fan called the Air Multiplier. The company also produced the contra-rotator washing machine CR01. This was followed by the CR02. The company however dropped this product line and ceased to provide any support services for it. ii.) Market entry The first vacuum cleaner that the company ever sold was sold in Japan for an equivalent of $2000 in 1986. This was not a sustainable venture for mass production. After setting up a research facility in Wiltshire in 1993, a cheaper model, the DA001 was produced and retailed at

How to make life meaningful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How to make spiritedness meaningful - strive ExampleSince the stated goals of positive psychological science argon to create thriving mountain and lead to a more fulfilling life, the interests of positive psychology are no longer treating people with disorders or illness that making the life of a normal person more fulfilling and flourishing. Hence, the mission statement of positive psychology accompanies the act of pursuing a meaningful life. The mission statement states A Meaningful life is affiliated to positive functioning work enjoyment, satisfaction in life, hope, general positive effect as salubrious as happiness and a higher degree of well-being.Research has demonstrated that people have a propensity to create stories as a means of understanding occurrences in life with a life story being a means of imposing meaning on life and therefore connecting people to occurrences (Loewenstein 46). In regards to the manner in which meaning in demonstrated, understanding loss appea rs as more grave during the adjustment process subsequent to the loss while recognizing the benefits may be a more long-run process that takes place over time with the biggest benefits becoming evident later on.There is a consensus that individuals should watch true to what matters and themselves in order to get a meaningful life (Baumeister and Bushman 435). Various strategies exist that preempt be used by individuals to uncover their true selves and identify and ch totallyenge their obstacles that hinder them from seeking their dreams. triad significant steps towards making life meaningful includeFor most of the people, simply understanding who they are is a challenging endeavor and based in research that has been conducted previously, approximately forty percent of all the people in America have not yet identified a sense of shoot for as far as their racys are concerned. It can be easy to tell people to live life on their own terms, but if they have not been able to ident ify their own terms, they may develop the feeling that they are drifting

Marketing Audit Report for MAC COSMETICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

merchandising Audit Report for MAC COSMETICS - attempt ExampleThe essay Marketing Audit Report for MAC COSMETICS discusses the grocerying report for Mac Cosmetics to lose it the various operational aspects that are involved in ensuring the company competes. Marketing can be be as the achievement of corporate goals through ensuring the operations meet and exceed customers needs better than the competition. Marketing for different products provided by different companies deep down the same industry is conducted with the aim of beating the competitors through the market share and achieving high profits for the organization. The development of a strategic marketing plan is essential in ensuring that the products of the company are able to compete effectively in the market. Competitive markets require organizations operating within the industry to adopt intensive marketing strategies to ensure that they compete effectively within the market.The mission record of an organization can b e defined as a brief statement that defines the purpose of establishing the calling while identifying the reasons behind the existence of the company. The mission statement for the company seeks to provide products which fit individuals of different demographic states. Within the mission statement of the company, it states clearly the goals which the company seeks to achieve and the responsibilities of the company to the customers. The mission statement is outstanding to the company because it establishes the direction of the company in terms of defining the goals and targets.

Vladimir Jabotinsky Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Vladimir Jabotinsky - Term piece ExampleHis reason for moving was to study law. While he was staying in these countries, he became a alike of several popular Russian newspapers. This can be said to be the commencement of his vocation as a journalist. The reports he wrote were widely read across the entire Russian country. This direct to him becoming a very popular and recognizable figure among the elite class of Russian journalists. He even acquired a pseudonym which he used to sign his entire article. The name he used was Altalena(Nakhimovsky, 2). He was a critique of systems from a very tender age. At one point in his early lifespan he wrote an article criticizing the grading system. He also went on to publish the article in a newspaper while he was only fourteen years of age Early in the twentieth century, there was occurred a pogrom against the Jews of Kishinev. The Jews in this region were massacred in a horrific episode by the Russian authorities in 1903. This made Jabotins ky to begin Zionist activities in this region (Schechtman, 22). He organized and mobilized egotism defense units. These units were aiming at fighting for the rights of the Jewish minority in Russia. They wanted to ensure that the Jewish biotic community was treated as other citizens in Russia. This fight for rights earned Jabotinsky election to the Zionist congress as a delegate. The leader of this movement is said to have immensely impressed Jabotinsky with his fluency of the Hebrew language. This led to him seeking to further master the Hebrew language. This mastery later enhanced his translation skills as he spoke six other languages and several Slavic dialects. While at the congress he assiduous in the duties of spreading the Jewish language into the wider areas of Russia. He wanted to ensure that all the Jews living in Russia at the time were in a position to speak their native language. His main target was the issue generation of Jews comprising mainly of youths. In 1914, the First World War broke out. As a bequeath of the war he left Russia as a newspaper correspondent. His journey took him to Egypt. While he was in Egypt, he met another Jewish man called Joseph Trumpeldor. Together they fought and helped form the Jewish Legion. They believed that through the participation of the Jews in the war for the liberation of Israel, they would be in a position to demand something having been parties to the course. The British government did not support the idea but they pressed on and they were later allowed to participate. When this organization of volunteer fighters was formed, Jabotinsky served in it as lieutenant. They were involved in fighting for Israel to be freed from Turkish rule. The many activities which they engaged in during this time did not impress the British mandatory Government. This government handed a fate of 15 years of baffling labour. Jabotinsky, however, did not stay long in the British prison. There was a public outcry concerning the sentence among the Jewish community. He was given amnesty and therefore released from prison immediately. From 1921 he became a member of the Zionist executive but his ideas were different from those of the other members. After several disagreements about the direction of the movement Jabotinsky kibosh to go and establish the union of Zionist revisionists. The goal of this new movement was to fight for the creation of an indie Jewish state. He is regarded as the founder of the revisionists and held in high esteems as a Zionist

Risk and quality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Risk and fiber commission - Essay ExampleTutor Signature Date Task 1 Introduction The sideline report includes the translation of the term quality attention and the term endangerment counseling. The report excessively includes the description of importance of these concepts at different stages of a pouch. The report also includes the description of BS ISO 10006-2003 and its adequacy with compliancy to the different stages of a project. The report also includes the suggestion as how this standard tummy be improved. last a conclusion has been drawn on the basis of the overall analysis. lumber circumspection Quality management can be said to be the process of management of the quality of the project under consideration. Quality management has different definitions with respect to different business linees and processes. A project can be said to be a temporary endeavour having a defined beginning and end, which is undertaken with predefined objectives and goals, so it is v ital for the effective acquisition of objectives to manage the quality of the project. The main aim behind quality management is to attain all the project objectives and goals by effectively honouring the preconceived constraints of the project and managing the quality of the objectives or results under consideration (Kerzner, 2010). ... Risk management Risk management can be said to be a simple process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to the factors associated with risks during the bread and butter of the project under consideration. Risk management, in simpler terms, can be said to be the controlling of the risk factors and the possibilities of the risky events and handling them in a proactive manner rather than in a activated manner. Risk management includes two steps the assessment of risks and the control of risks. The risk assessment is the process performed at each level of the project the control of the processes is performed at stages when the implementation is done and the performance is derived from the standards set. Risk management is the vital step which needs to be performed at each stage of the project, so that the project can be accomplished with the available resources and so that the prescribed objectives can be achieved (Maylor, 2003). Prince 2 (Projects in Controlled Environment) This is a process-based method, which is highly effective in the management of projects. This is a de facto standard, which is extensively utilized by the government of UK and is also used in the private sectors for the management of the projects. The PRINCE2 provides greater control of resources, and this also helps manage the project risks and business risks in a more effective manner. PRINCE2 aids in several areas of project management the defense of the business or project purpose defining of the organization structure which aids the project management team planning-based approach emphasis on the project by dividing it into manageable and controll able stages and by outlining its specify structure. This method is highly

Current themes in businesses Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

circulating(prenominal) themes in short letteres - Literature review ExampleGender equality is a much talked ab step forward fact, solely its applicability is less evident and visible in the business world. According to Williams (2013), although there are more reported gender variation statistics related to pistillate employees, men and women burn both be victims of gender discrimination. Summary This phrase centers on describing the gender discrimination persisting in the Western business world. As per Vekaik (2005), thirty years after Harold Wilsons Labour goernment put in place the countrys first Sex contrariety Act, Britains women are still suffering from unequal pay and, increasingly, sexual harassment in the workplace. The article contemplates that eventide though the business protocol emphasises that gender neutrality is the rarified concept for an organisation, the business all over suppresses women when it comes to efficiency, promotion and fulfillance recognitio n. The article reveals that even though the workplace supports a gender neutral business environment, there is always an underlying gender discriminative element where masculine characteristics are more prominently reflected. The article points out that the ideological dilemmas existing among people create a tendency for gender discrimination, as it is a provocation to people in building a self-identity of their own. The article mentions that the workplace is an environment which nurtures numerous types of individuals, and each wants to establish their identity, which evokes gender discrimination. It asserts that mainly the hesitation concerning gender discrimation in workplace is giving an ideal gender-equal status to the Western business organisations. The article also projects two organization, Red tech and Blue tech, where the female staff talk about the gender bias existing in their organisations and their professional experience of discriminated they encountered during their work. The article vividly points out that two strategies are needed to evaluate gender discrimination one is to feel into it when gender discrimination occurred in the past and, secondly, individualise ones own gender discrimination experiences and analyse that particular matter. According to Gluck (2013), victims of gender discrimination lose motivation and morale necessary to perform their jobs effectively. Critique The author is extremely knowledgeable, and the journal article is informative and has a descriptive format which can hold peoples attention and interest. The article is professional in many ways, and in the initial stage itself it is reflected, as the article has a well informative title with authors cite and academic identity. The article also mentions the research purpose of the article and the importance of this subject in the flow rate business world. Moreover, the French interpretation of the extract shows the professionalism of author he is more concerned wi th spreading a message to readers who are not well-versed in the English language. The best part of this academic article is that it brings out the truth about the workplace environment with regard to gender discrimination. As per Sharma (2011), gender discrimination is deep-rooted so women empowerment through better education, employment opportunities and reservation at various places only, in long term can eliminate this problem. The article also points out the reason behind gender discrimina

Animation Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animation Critique - Essay ExampleThe wellhead-nigh important technique in animation film is the Squash and Stretch, which is used to create an exaggeration of an ethereal movement. In addition, Winsor McCay propelled the American animation industry with the release of Gertie the Dinosaur. Blackton was widely esteemed for his stop-motion technique while McCay is famous for employing much more modern techniques referred to as key-framing and the in- amidst techniques (Lewis 221).Felix the Cat is one of the characters that were created by Pat Sullivan in the era of the silent films. Felix the cat is one of the most recognizable characters because of its huge wide eyes and grin, subdued body and squat. Felix the Cat is a good animation considered an iconic character in the historical making of the animation film production. The artistic expertise employed in Felix the Cat made it an outstanding human race of work in that era. For example, the use of a text box or bubbles to de non e communication between characters. In addition, the use of question marks to express emotions and dotted lines denote the direction he is cladding presents a complete communication. The possession of such qualities rendered the audience the ability to grasp the flow of the silent films. I personally liked the character of Felix the Cat because he was a fast decision maker. Felix the cat does not use the simple camera work, it is played with the aspect of a film. The level of technology then was piteous and the quality of production was unsatisfying (Pike 43). In addition, the emergence of modern studios, for example the Disney suppressed Felixs essential studio.Fantasmagorie was the first fully animated film that was made by Emile Cohl. This animation was made up of drawings streamlined in a fluent manner into one another. In this film, the audience is only able to forecast the smooth blending of the illustrations and drawings. Moreover, I find this film a complex piece as wel l as an impressive narrative. The

Thunder Heart analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thunder Heart analysis - bear witness Example dick is able to suspect the existence of conspiracy and cover-up in the entire slay saga which puts him at loggerheads with his co- cistron in the investigations. The environmental impact that the mining of uranium in the local reservation has created, is obvious in the poor state of the areas poor water and dirty condition. The mining has further led to major conflict between two powerful forces leading to the death of many people in the junior-grade town which exposes a number of social evils such as crimes, corruption and moral decadence that had been winning place in the region.The cultural attributes of the inbred Americans is made evident in the movie in a number of occasion owing to the fact that investigations on the murder of a former political activistic on a Native American Reservation in South Dakota. F.B.I agent Ray Levoi has been selected for the project of leading the investigation mainly because of his familiarity with the culture of the Natives owing to the fact that he is from a mixed aftermath background. The film brings out diverse American architecture which is multicultural in nature with a clump being borrowed from the Native American culture (Marubbio, 102).The landscape in the region in which the movie is trim portrays diverse nature of the American terrain. Mountainous landscape is an indication of a secure environment label by the existence of natural features that could easily act as camouflage to criminal activities. The cultural artifacts of the Native Americans such as peace pipe, moccasins, and teepee are made evident particularly among the people that The FBI agent meets and interviews over the death the politician. The use of native plants and animals are very important part of the lives of the Indians. As Ray tours the region in which he has been assigned, he notices a number of cultural practices that he had been told by his recruit but had never experienced in his e ntire life. As much as he was against the

Animal Farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animal Farm - Essay ExampleThis do him to get rid of increase from the farm using the dogs that he had secretly trained.Thesis nap changed the farm rules by stating no animate being shall kill each other without the cause. This indicated that Napoleon did not value other animals ideas as he made major decisions affecting the farm without consulting them.Thesis Napoleon made the animals to work extra hard by forcing them to build a windmill, which he did not consider useful at the beginning. He utilise this to lay out as strategy to make animals too tired to think about their situation, lack time for sedition and not to realize Napoleons intentions.The banning of Snowball from the animal farm indicates that Napoleon is an timeserving because he changes a situation to his favor. Throughout the novel, Napoleon used Snowball as scapegoat for everything that went slander in the farm. This secured Napoleons leadership position as the animals did not blame him for anything bad. Napo leon used different means to ensure that he maintained his power (Orwell & Ian 25). For example, he rarely appeared in unrestricted that made the animals to believe that he had important matters to attend to rather than the animals welfare and they made the animals to adore his appearance. Finally, Napoleon eliminated anyone who appeared to be a threat to his

Irans Nuclear Ambitions Essay Example for Free

Irans thermo thermo thermonuclear Ambitions EssayBehind the Irans Nuclear ambitions lay the fundamental issue Do third world countries wealthy person the permission and the right to gear up and enrich all nuclear technology including enrichment of nuclear material? Iranians Iranians claimed that they have the right to develop and enriching the nuclear material as authorized, and they would not tolerate the prospects of abdicating their right of enriching uranium which is abundant in Iran as allowed in the Non Proliferation Treatys article 4.Iran has repeatedly claim that their purpose of enriching nuclear material is always for the nuclear reactors which impart pass on much needed power, as Iran is already spending billions of dollars on gasoline imports. Iran overly say that it has prevail by all the regulations of NPT, and in 2004 it signed Paris Agreement with France, England and Germany the European Union Troika (EU-3) and as a result of which it has temporarily suspe nded its uranium enrichment as agreed during that Paris Agreement.Iranians also urge that under the regime of Shah which is the ally of US at that time, Washington firmly supported plans of Iran to build up to 23 atomic reactors by 1994. United States The United States asserted that Iranians are not trustworthy and their enrichments clear intends to the development of Nuclear weapons. US often says that Iran is also the number 2 producer of oil in OPEC and also sits on the second biggest natural reserves, which is enough to make desires for enriching nuclear material suspicious.United States also points out that one set of risk is that it will set off a falling eye mask sequence of proliferation in the region, and Egypt, Turkey and Saudi Arabia as those countries that might feel that they should pursue their own nuclear program in response, which will start a nuclear race in the region. Americans also desire that a militant, oil rich Muslim theocracy of around 70 million people, with a Holocaust denying president who yearns for Israels disappearance and calls America and Britain the greater and lesser Satans, poses a great sort of problem.Another problem is the overreaching Iranian problem which will bring the world into danger by Iran arming terrorists with nuclear weapons that will bring the whole world into danger especially American and Israelis. Russians and Chinese Moscow says that Irans plans to develop a full atomic fuel cycle and to enrich uranium for its nuclear reactors are not economically viable.The head of Russias Atomic Energy Agency said that he has a technically proven info that tells that Iran plans to build 10 reactors worth 1,000 megawatts each is not the most feasible option but is earlier ruinous. But Russians and Chinese have always not backed any movement by the US that undermine Irans capabilities to develop Nuclear Fuel but also Russia and China along with other countries that have economic interests in Iran such as Britain, F rance and Germany have stepped back from any direct confrontation with the US. whole of these powers have voted for the IAEA resolution in February to refer Iran to the UN and then in March for a non-binding presidential tale in the UN Security Council setting a 30-day deadline for Iran to cease uranium enrichment. In all likelihood, Moscow and capital of Red China will again seek to mollify Washington in forthcoming meetings on Iran and try to set apart the scope of any UN actions on Iran.

The Transforming of Women in Medieval Literature Essay Example for Free

The Transforming of Women in chivalrous Literature Es put forwardOver the countless years of history man and woman withdraw realized that they must go down together in order to survive. Whether it was solely for the continuation of our race by dint of procreation, or by uniting one with an another(prenominal)(a) in matrimony the two grammatical genders have represent it impediment to spend their lives in each others midst. Over the span of several millennia we not only see the evolution of these relationships, but we can also witness the transformation of the roles each gender plays in everyday life. One such period where we see m some(prenominal) of these roles evolving occur is chronicled in Medieval Literature.Writings such including Chaucers The Canterbury Tales and many Arthurian Legends present women and their treatment by their manly counterparts in a ways uncommon to earlier writings. One of the best representations of such thinking is found in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The text includes women of varying types and gives an excellent paradigm to the changing culture of the Medieval Era. At the generation of the tale we are presented with the ideal medieval skirt. The narrator describes Queen Gueneveres immense beauty and states that circus queen, without a flaw A seemlier that once he saw, / In truth no man could say (81-84).Guenevere serves as an example of the prior periods typical woman. She is quiet, obedient to her husband, and the attractive object of the male gaze. Previously this was the norm for woman, to be confined to a set of restrictions that kept her inferior to all other men. Compared to Chaucers Wife of Bath who is loud, assertive, and extremely sexually open, Guenevere knows her roles and offers little complaint of her place in the castle. The privation of her contention exemplifies the base portrayal of a womans traditional position. The next female we come across in the journey of Gawain is Bertilaks wife.At the first moment of meeting the lovely lady, we are presented with the fact that she is of a different breed than Guenevere. As she enters the mode, Gawains mind wanders, her body and her bearing were beyond praise, / And excelled the queen herself (944-945). Here a knight admits the greatness of a lady beyond his own queen. This reveals the high complexity found in the lady of the castle. Where we see the deepening contrasts is in the ladys true description. Whereas Guenevere was praised for solely her beauty and carriage, we see depth beyond this in the description of Bertilaks wife.In lines 1204-1207, we read, sweetly she does speak / And kindling glances dart, / Blent white and red on cheek / And laughing lips apart, a noticeably more(prenominal) sexualized description than the one offered for our former lady. Delving even deeper into the story we read her actions as exceedingly daring for the wife. She wanders into the room of the night herself to seduce him for a kiss. In th is time period women make no attempt at such provocation of a mans lustful desires. Now one may omen out that the lady was under orders from Bertilak. What I see is the man counting his wife as correspond and including her in his plan to trick Gawain.Either case we see a woman who enjoys the confines of creation a lady yet at the same time the freedoms of equality. In this we see more of a modern woman. She is developed more complexly in that she is neither completely virtuous yet neither is she corrupt. Finally we have one last woman one whom tears down all the conceptions of the stuffy feminine roles of the time. Gawains Aunt Morgan la Faye is the magical temptress who devises the plan to test her worthy nephew. La Faye is the ultimate foil of our first character and an extreme version of the second.She has no husband and nor any other male too hold her to the constraints of society. She is adapted to use her powerful skills to do as she pleases and cause any amount of mayhem she sees fit. For example we find out at the end of the tale the old lady accompanying Bertialks wife is indeed Morgan la Faye in disguise. Morgan though she is extremely beautiful and adolescent in her true form, stands for the free unconfined woman. Women across time have continually had to deal with limit gender roles. Yet in ever period there have been women who redefined the roles and pushed to break the trends stressed upon them.This specialise is reflected by the writers of the time. From their efforts we are able to see the transformation and how the human condition has been affected. The poet who penned Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was able to cleverly weave this into the tale. From the examples of Gueneveres demure attitude, to Lady Bertilaks seductive ways, and finally ending with Morgan la Fayes free and chaotic spirit this paradigm is clearer in the middle ages than many others. Woman made great strides in the era of chivalry and began to break free of the bonds that contained them.

Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Fast feed EssayObesity is an epidemic that is sweeping over the United States today. Its affecting some(prenominal) adults and children. With the accession in unbendable food availability and a decrease in the time most Americans make believe to prep atomic number 18 nutritious meals at home, its obvious why ofttimes than muckle are have at luxuriant food restaurants. Obesity is a growing problem in the United States and more and more children are being affected. But do uneducated families have the right to put the doom on fast food restaurants for the health issues they could easily prevent?I believe that we are pickings it too far by blaming fast food restaurants for obesity and that it is an respective(prenominal)s responsibility to overhear the blame. While R. A. Ames The nutrient Isnt to Blame and Richard Daynard You Want Fries with That? use different themes of blaming fast companies and individual decisions to underscore the effects of fast of food on Am erica, the Rahul K. Parikh in Indiana Jones and the estate of Fats Kid picks up the aforementioned(prenominal) theme, he blames advertisements for Americas Obesity. In the article, Fast Food Isnt to Blame? R. A.Ames states that encumbrance difficulties are the responsibility of the individuals and we should not blame the fast food industry or other biologic and environmental causes. Human beings are individuals with the freedom to make their own choices. Nobody forces us to sap anything we do not want to. Choosing to eat fast food is all our own decision, and we put ourselves at danger for obesity. Obesity due to excessive consumption of fast food can only be blamed on our own body processs. Fast food chains appear everywhere in todays world. Home delivery of various foods is more accessible than ever before.These are common excuses when overweight mess blame fast food industries for their bodies. Before reading these establishs, I already had an opinion about fast food i n my mind. I believed that if someone was overweight or obese, that it was no ones suspension just their own. In his essay, however You Want Fries with That? Richard Daynard explained why he believes that todays fast food industry is largely responsible for the dramatic rise in obesity cases in both children and adults of America. Daynard discussed how the fast food industries played a large role in deceiving the public into acquire their food.Daynard tell that society needs to find a happy medium when dealing with the fast food industry, whether it be through lawsuits or some other action Daynard also backed up his claim by using supporting statistics surrounding fast food and obesity in America over the years. Amess essay on the other hand used no statistics. He based his entire essay on somebodyal opinion. His frequent use of the word I also made the essay less(prenominal) sound. Overall, Richard Daynard had a much more objective argument about fast food than R. A. Ames.Dayn ard used particular statistics, and facts about the fast food industry, and he kept himself out of the article for the most part. Daynard was very effective in making me believe his argument. Another essay I have compared R. A. Ames is with Rahul K. Parikhs Indiana Jones and the fairydom of Fats Kid . Both of these essays had strong opinions concerning who is to blame regarding obesity in America. The Fast Food Isnt to Blame was more persuasive I thought because it placed the blame for the obesity problem on the individual person and what he/she put into their bodies not on the fast food industries.According to R. A. Ames, Americans tend to drive to Burger King and order a Double Whopper with Cheese with a King size fries alternatively of driving to a supermarket and pick up some turkey and whole wheat bread (326). They are obese because they make a choice to eat fast food themselves, not because fast food chains force them to stop by their restaurants to eat their food. Ames went on to say that instead of people winning responsibility for being obese they are blaming the fast food industry. Ames compared obesity to smoking.He made this affinity because both can be deadly and that in the end you still have to put the behind in your mouth the same way you put a candy bar. After this Ames said that in the land of the free we are able to make our own decisions but with this freedom we as people have to be responsible for our decisions. Rahul Parikh said in his essay that Parents need to take charge of what foods theyre buying and how theyre preparing those foods (1). This statement is suggesting that instead of blaming fast food companies parents should control their childrens food buying habits.They should limit their television hours where they see all those advertisements that attract them to eat fast foods. Rahul said that companies use superstars, action heroes, cartoons to promote their products in the market that attracts people and mainly childrens. Rahul compared child advertisement to obesity and suggested that today children allow see 40,000 advertisements in a year. In this huge number of advertisements, two third of those are for argufy and fast food. Ames and Rahul were both arguing that it is our individual choices to eat fast food, so we should not blame companies who take into account them.In our society, we are always looking for someone or something to blame for our problems. We seem to want to subdue taking responsibility for our actions and their consequences. Overall obesity has nothing to do with the fast food industry and genetics, but rather the choices. People should be encouraged to take personal responsibility for their actions and realize what they put into their mouths, and that how much exercise they do contributes to their health and well-being. When overweight people admit that they cause their own obesity, they can fleetly move away from being obese and recognize a healthy lifestyle. While in R.A. Ames The Food Isnt to Blame and Richard Daynard You Want Fries with That? use different themes of blaming fast companies and individual decisions to underscore the effects of fast of food on America, One other hand Rahul K. Parikh Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of Fats Kid has same theme has R. A. Ames essay, he blamed advertisements for Americas Obesity.I have discussed the Ames essay with my friends and family. to the highest degree of them are agreed with the essay but there were also some people who were disagreed. I eat very precisely, before eating anything I check calories and fat of the product I am overtaking to eat.

Police Department Roles and Functions Essay Example for Free

Police Department Roles and Functions EssayThere argon m whatsoever motley functions of patrol agencies. Patron, duty, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special operations atomic number 18 fairish some of the various functions of police agencies. There ar many differences between the functions of the police agencies and the federal official, ground, and the local levels. There atomic number 18 reasons of why you lease to clear various functions and roles of policing in any commwholey. There are a few various functions of police agencies such as patrol, traffic, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special functions. There are many functions of the patrol and consists of protect the lives of population and their property, repression of criminal and delinquent behavior, identification, apprehension and conviction of offenders, traffic flow, collision reduction, maintenance of order and common safety. Patrol functions are a major part of policing agencies. Traffic functions consist of identifying potential traffic problems and hazards, stunning offenders, investigation property damage and personal injury automobile accidents, regulating parking on the streets and municipal buildings (Grant Terry, 2008).Traffic functions keep the roads safer and turn over things flow better for traffic. Juvenile services are on that point to help juvenile offenders go to counseling and counseling for the juveniles families. There are similarly programs that can help juveniles learn about do drugss, alcohol, abuse and gangs. There is a program called (D.A.R.E) Drug yell Resistance Education. (GREAT) Gang Resistance Education and Training is another program that is used to inform the youthfulness group about the negative impact of gangs. Intelligence and undercover is where officers go and use a assorted identification so that they can abridge closer to suspects or fugitive or get deduction (Grant Terry, 2008). They may h ave to live in different places and dress as complete different people then who they are so that they canfit in to the environment they are trying to get close to.The last function is the special operations that consist of S.W.A.T and the canine unit. The S.W.A.T stands for special weapons and tactics and they functions are haveing with high risk law enforcement such as hostage situations and arresting people that are armed and dangerous suspects. The canine unit is having a police dog that helps on searches. Searches could be consisting of drug investigations, tracking and seek for victims or suspects, vehicle searches, and searching of buildings (Grant Terry, 2008). The police agency functions differ from the federal, state, and local level. The federal has two main functions that split into a few different functions. The Homeland Security and Department of legal expert have many functions. The Homeland Security has the Bureau of Customs and Border protection (CBP) and this h elps execute positive(predicate) that people and cargo are crossed borders legally and safely.Bureau of Immigration and Custom Enforcement known as (ICE) works with the smuggling of drugs and weapons. It as well helps remove illegal immigrants that should not be across the borders. ICE also helps protect and secure federal buildings. FEMA is the Federal Emergency Management Agency and their goal is to help retard man-made disasters from destroying cities. FEMA also helps after man-made disasters happen with providing food, water, and shelter to the people that have homes that are undo or have no stores that have food remaining for them to eat or drink. Department of jurist has a few functions as well that are to help protect on a high level than the police agencies. Drug Enforcement Administrators (DEA) share with enforcing laws that pertain to controlled substances. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) has many functions. They protect against any kind of terrorist atta ck against the country, foreign intelligence operations, cyber based attacks, public corruption, and white collar crimes.The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) deal with the investigations of the trafficking of illegal firearms. The ATF also enforces federal laws that pertain to federal taxes on alcohol and tobacco (Walker Katz, 2011). The federal and the police agencies have many differences. The federal have more of a variety of different functions than the police agencies. The state does not have as many functions as the federal but still have functions that make a difference. The State has some functions that the police agencies also have. The State has different kind ofofficers. There are State police and Highway patrol officers that patrol the highways statewide. They also have power to give traffic violations, criminal investigations, and arrest non traffic violators (Walker Katz, 2011). The police agencies also do a lot of patrol just like the state police. The local levels are a lot like the police agencies. They have municipal officers, county police and they have sheriffs that patrol city roads. They attend to more serious crimes that are committed in the city. The local level deals with order maintenance problems and emergency services (Walker Katz, 2011). The county police have the same functions as the municipal officers but can operate countywide.The sheriffs have more functions than the municipal officers and the county police. The sheriffs have to go to courts and deal with corrections. When it comes to the community all of the policing agencies are very important. There are many functions and roles that help keep a safe community. If there are limited policing agencies in the community it could raise the rate of crime, accidents, and deaths. With having the functions in the communities it helps make the people of the community feel safer knowing that the policing agencies are out patrolling the streets whether it is by foot, bike, car, or horse. Without having the functions of trafficking there would be more accidents on the roads or highways. If the juvenile services the younger generations may not have the resources to learn about awareness programs for drugs, alcohol, and abuse. They may not have the opportunity to change their lives by be counseling to help better themselves.Without having undercover officers it would be a little harder to catch suspects before they in reality commit a crime. Even though not all cities have the canine unit, the canine unit helps search for things that the human nose cannot detect as well as a dog can. The canine unit is a very big help for searches when victims are missing or are searching for drugs. There are many functions and roles for all police agencies no matter how big or how footling the agency is. There are many differences between the police agencies and the federal, state, and local level. But there are also some functions that are the same. Without having functions of all the police agencies there would be more crime and accidents indoors the cities and states. Having as many functions in all the policing agencies makes this place a safer place for everyone.ReferencesWalker, S., Katz, C.M. (2011). The police in the States An introduction (7th ed). Grant, H.B., Terry, K.J. (2008) Law Enforcement in the 21st Century(2nd ed).

Effects of Industrialization on Artist Essay Example for Free

Effects of Industrialization on Artist screenThe countries of the military man have largely embraced the goal of industrialization which explains the causal agent why there is the label of ontogenesis and developed countries. The implications of the 19TH century has put the developed western domain as the model of industrialization on the planet (Masten, 2008). The face of industrialization affected a number of fields in the scientific attempt to improve the economies and subsequently, raise the overall standards of living . Art was angiotensin-converting enzyme of the disciplines that benefited from the effects of industrialization, and it came as a hope for small-army an(prenominal) artists around the valet (Locker, 1999). This paper therefore attempts to compare and contrast whether the rise changed the raw world leaving the innate(p) world as the sole object of fascination to artists. Industrialization as a process sought to promote social and economic changes with the human societies transforming from pre industrial to industrial(Davis,2000). It saw the wider a charge of modernization leading to overall social changes and economic assimilations mostly related to technological advancement.More cities were development following the rise modernity, as a result of large scale metallurgy and energy production (Basye and Holt, 2000). philosophic changes also marked the emergence of industrialization leaving tidy sum in the western world with a to a greater extent yearning to obtain different attitudes towards nature and aesthetic orien loopion (Novello, 2000). Accordingly, there is substantial look for on the prevailing effects of industrialization on modernization and enterprise development .Artists have got an prospect of expanding their careers following the expansion of commerce and the prevalence of skills that helps them in the exploitation of the abundant indispensable resources (Shields, 2006). This somehow happens at a relatively low cost, adaptability of labor and continual supply of their products to a wide range of market place (Plaura, 2001). The radical changes in the 19th century involve the production of the electric power an element that is compactly fundamental to the continuous growth of economy as well as advancing the skills required for a detail job (Basye and Holt, 2000).In a survey d unitary in some countries in Africa, ticker East and Latin America, it was found out that there is relative open trading systems that can come alive industrial innovation and cost efficiency across the board, leading to the readily available markets and free and tensile labor (Novello, 2000). As a result, positive spirt ethics mixed with skills, effectively used scientific discoveries and technological in boosting the production and subsequent increase in income levels. It is true that a number of major cities in the western world were widely modernized bringing about the effects of urbanization.To serve this place playacting macrocosms, urbanization facilitated the concentration of labor (Davis, 2000). Artists therefore found themselves without splendid congenital resources for them to exploit because of the population upsurge in cities. Consequently, they resorted to the natural worlds which had hitherto not felt the effects of industrialization for their resources (Masten, 2008). An some other match that followed industrialization was change in family structures and effects on the environment. Environmental stressors such as noise, water pollution, impersonal lifestyles and a myriad of health problems set into play (Locker, 1999).Many artists in the present world quell to grow in terms of their careers simply because, they have been able to advance all their dainty orientations (Shields, 2006). precedent to the 19th century, galore(postnominal) videos in America often dealt with the serene landscapes, idealized craftspeople and a host of other people. However, after t he effects of industrialization had taken place, the whole scope of photographs and painting changed. Art was basically the response to the social and industrial sets that prevailed (Masten, 2008). Later on, artists was obliged to create art for two audiences.Generally, artists of this important period in the history of mankind avoided painting many scenes portraying the new outfit of modernization and as such, this did not imply that they failed to create an art about the industry. Moreover, the deep enjoyment of art became the pastime for both the speed and middle class people (Davis, 2000). These were the people who essentially, preferred not to clutch over the hard work that may have been done by the lower class, let alone hanging any artistic socials commentary on their walls. Instead there was mere need for a picturesque that portrayed a neutral political landscape (Plaura, 2001).According to (Basye and Holt, 2000), several literatures enabled artists to access a medium whe re many of their engravings were promulgated but the controversy that followed saw many middle class people opposing the view of the artists and in conclusion disapproving their works. Irrespective of the upper and middle class reaction against the artistic package of social commentary, many artists hided experiencing the strong urge for expressing themselves through art (Locker, 2000). They then resorted to the natural world where they found a lot of fascination for their works because of two major reasons.Depending on the specific needs of a particular artist, the natural word provided an avenue for artists to explore a host of untapped resources or aptly, got a coiffe and uncritical audience for their art (Masten, 2008). This basically strengthened their ambitions leading to affair ground for art. For instance, majority of the artistic collections portrayed the hard work of ordinary country-style folks giving hem the urge to continue doing even better in their pursuit for eco nomic survival. With this regard, several portraits were painted. They involved persons sewing a habilitate or a blacksmith hammering a horseshoe.particulrtly, such portraits depicted a blacksmith as possibly the man in charge of an enterprise. It showed a young man in the back, presumably an apprentice or the blacksmiths assistant. Both were posed with their tools, with drops of sweat other cheeks seemingly proud of their trade. A factor like this one often encourage the general population because, despite the conditions for working being harsh, the portrait depicts clean, bearable and inviting scenario that clear the people enthusiasm and pride altogether (Novello, 2000).In addition, the views of American urban life as well as industrialization were manifested through the channel of photography. Using a succinct comparison of the inelegant life, city life was pictured using sky crappers mushrooming everywhere (Shields, 2006). In this scenario, a chaotic combination of people a nd carriages filled the city street eliciting a feeling that city life is eventually becoming more foreboding for life and work hence, underscoring the importance of rich environmental conditions found in the rustic life.Overly, the diffuse of industrialization saw a marked reduction of human working conditions to unacceptable level. Active artists and photographers adjust to politics used art to comment on the industrial progress to their audience. However, there was stiff rival that forced some artists not to make enough fortune or just find a satisfactory audience for their works. They were therefore attracted to move to the rural world, where they got audience and commercial benefits for their activities. Somehow, they used the modern mechanised age to obtain a source of creativity which is paramount to the work of art.Without a creatively stimulate work, their will be audience to stand all sorts of unattractive, and redundancy even if your work has the very better of the message (Plaura, 2001). There is a general history of artist getting more fascinated to the natural world. With the advent of industrialization, many artistic motions sprang up each with a unique reaction to the feeling of the movement it took after and time (Davis, 2000). Neoclassic which had taken lead form the Greek and Roman art, paved way for a more parallel period called romanticism.At this level, many artists became more imaginative with the rise of individualism, aroused intensity, and freedom describing the underlying the perceptual shift from the modern life to getting oriented to the natural world (Masten, 2008). Realism which followed brought about the realist artists who created artistic works that captured marks and figures as they appear in real life. Artists found the natural world more ideal in portraying truthful visions of everyday life an idea tat was much welcome to rural folks that the modern ones (Novello, 2006).Many artists felt the need to explore their descent with nature by traveling through a wilderness. But because urban life had less or no fascinating wilderness, artists resorted for the rural world and found it more fascinating in delivering the exploration objective through a natural world (Plaura, 2001). For example, Mark Catesby, as English artist moved to the rural Northern America and found that it was the most true immersion into the American seaboard and other areas calm down unexploited and unknown to many Americans.He began photographing and drawing natural and social sceneries that had not suffered any natural disintegration, and hence, his works attracted a large scale audience (Shields, 2006). Another artist and explorer, Karl Bodmer, is a testament to the reason moving to natural world. he says that the most fascinating factor in the so regarded lost world is the boundless enthusiasm that artists get when they venture into worlds unknown to many, because there seem to be abundant probability and astonishment in those lands (Locker, 1999).The overall benefit is the reminder these places give in acknowledging that at some point, they had stop at the crossroad of horrible, natural and sacred phenomena. They somewhat develop a relationship with the earth, facilitated by the nature, culture and their sense of fulfillment (Davis, 2000). Furthermore, the natural world is more attracting to artists because it provides the ground that satisfy the curiosity and creativity of many artists. At the heart of every artistic symbol lies the expression of center.Artists tend to search for lager meaning in small aspects of life (Basye and Holt, 2000). According to the documentations in archives, the significance of artistic history is logged in the quip between wilderness and civilization and this point out the primary focus of artists on rural worlds. Notwithstanding, rural world represents culture and nature and how it is reconciled with the modernization. Therefore, the imaginative role of art pulls o ut the existing gleaming in capturing double meaning encased in the metaphors.When they finally take their products to urban setups, they somehow falsify to prompt the city residents into the world of imagination embedded in the images formed in their minds as a resulted art (Masten, 2008). Moreover, artists use the natural worlds to find sources that subsequently define the unique artistic identities. This is clearly captured in the sentiments of a German poet, Rainer Maria. He believes that as a primary condition for writing a trance verse, it is imperative that they see a myriad of cities, nature, men and several other things.Accordingly it is perquisite that one should know different flights of birds, animals, not forgetting gestures that flowers make especially when they open and close. The fundamental role of all this condition is to portray the accounts as creative as possible with the unique ability to come up with the work of art that suits in the context of everyday lif e. The only available source of the adventure is the natural world that is least affected by industrialization (Novello, 2000). Similarly, there is more attraction to the natural world.Artists think that by going there they provide a link between city life and rural life. both the opportunities of industrialization are made open to village folks giving them a chance to hold back a breast with what is happening across the world (Plaura, 2001). For example, there was a painting in rural Indiana which showed an angel looking as though he is about to walk away from something he is acutely contemplating. It depicted the angel staring with his mouth wide open and the wings flung spread.This is the way artists presents issues in varying worlds and the serenity found in natural world promotes the efficient delivery of the message (Shields, 2006). The painting reinforces the religious teaching that God watches over us and somehow, strengthens the spirituality an aspect that is under the th reat of industrialization. decisiveness From the foregoing discussion, it is explicit that the dawn of industrialization in the 19th century was accompanied by the laconic shift in the economical, social and ideological differences that paved way for new lifestyles.Individualism, which became rife as a result of urbanization, left artist with a host of intellectual orientation in terms of creativity. It is evident that the market for their art products got strained obliging them to get attracted to the rural world that had hitherto not adversely suffered from the effects of industrialization. Bibliography Basye, E and Holt, G 2000. Art and Architecture The Advent of Industrialization, Yales, Yales University Press. Davis, A. 2000. A Social History of written Art and Works Industry.New York, McGill-Queens Press. Locker, N. 1999. Science and character An International Journal of Science. Vol. 23 Issues 56, London, Macmillan Publishers. Masten, A. 2008. Artwork in the Nineteenth Cen tury. Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania University Press Novello, A. 2000. The Face of Art in the Nineteenth Century. London, Prentice Plaura, N. 2001. Art and Nature Interelationship, Oxford, Oxford University Press Shields, S. 2006. Artists at the Continents End The Peninsula Art Colony. Michigan, Routledge

Traditional Banking Essay Example for Free

Traditional Banking EssayThe clause The defy of traditional relying implications for pecuniary stability and regulatory policy by Franklin R. Edwards and Frederic S. Mishkin presents a very detailed and well researched exploration of the current movement of banks out from traditional banking. The authors describe their objectives as including an examination of the reasons behind the stock of traditional banking, and an identification of the mental pictures that these would bind on the stability and regulation of banks. The term meets these goals well, as it begins by demonstrating the complexity of the current banking situation and how/why balance sheets reflect information that go far beyond mere lending. The non-traditional methods of banking as well as the financial institutions that oblige evolved and crowded the banking foodstuff are besides explored in detail. Finally, the authors expound on the ways that banks dexterity improve their status in the financial ma rket and maintain stable regulatory policies within such(prenominal) a highschoolly competitive and unstable environment. Therefore, temporary hookup in some areas the explanations were a bit awkward, all overall the authors manage to unite the ca intents, executions, and possible remedies of the current lines organism faced by banks, and this is done in a manner that reads a deep understanding of the situation.The canonic pages of the article do cut into a very detailed picture of why the authors found it unavoidable to explore the settle of traditional banking. Traditional banking, they explain, dealt mainly with the issuing of long term loans financed by short-run deposits (Edwards Miskhin, 27). They provide shew in the form of graphs and statistics, showing two the size of the decline in allowance from such traditional (financial) borrowing, as well as the share of non-financial borrowing granted banks and their competitors.The fact that both commercial and thri ft banks non-financial borrowing declined by an average of 7% over a thirty-five stratum period demonstrates that significant decline has indeed taken place in their share of that market. The authors too give concrete evidence concerning the decline in these institutions returns on such holdings as assets and equity. Finally the authors demonstrate the slip in banks share in the market concerned with non-interest income. This increasing trend dos precisely the move away from tradition they have identified. The placement of these facts and charts was effective as a method of vindicating the authors decision to explore reasons for the decline in traditional banking.Edwards and Mishkin go on to explore such areas as the decline in banks proceeds as far as liabilities are concerned. This is demonstrated in terms of declining cost advantages, which as shown to have begin a reality when other institutions found a way to capitalize on the banks financial privileges. They explained t he fact that ceilings and other restrictions (at one clipping favorable to the banks) had been placed upon their ability to strikeer interest on genuine types of deposits (such as checkable deposits).These regulations restricted their ability to be competitive at a crucial season in the market and therefore opened the doors for other lending institutions (exempt from such restrictions) to attract customers by crack high interest. This serves as a cogent explanation of why banks have declined in this traditional area. Yet, the authors represent the complexity of the market by exploring a few other reasons why such decline has taken place.The populateence of the new paper market (securities) has overly been referd as a reason that adds to the complexity of the problem that banks now face (Edwards Miskhin, 31). The previously mentioned decline in banks lending to commercial entities is now explained by the fact that these businesses have been given the option of borrowing dir ectly from the public through the issuance of securities.The authors also cite the rise of usual funds and junk bonds on the money market as having an indirect effect on the market position of banks. They write, The growth of assets in money market mutual funds to more(prenominal)(prenominal) than $500 billion created a ready market for commercial paper because money market mutual funds must hold liquid, high-quality, short-term assets (31). This serves the explanatory purposes of the authors by demonstrating the sheer size and number of the alternatives to banks that exist on the financial market.The authors, Edwards and Mishkin, also explore some of the reasons why such alternative institutions have become such a threat to banks. Besides their ability to offer attractive alternatives to customers, these financial institutions have also demonstrated an ability to secure their assets. They explain these institutions methods of originating loans and then creating more loans from th ese. They write Advances in information and entropy processing technology have enabled non-bank competitors to originate loans, transform these into marketable securities, and sell them to obtain more backup with which to make more loans (Edwards Miskhin, 32). The rise of financially capable technology has made easy these maneuvers by such non-bank facilities, and this has led to the current position of decline in banks traditional activities.The authors of the article also demonstrate the travel plan that banks have had to take in order to combat the effects of being pressure to share their market. They use graphs and data effectively to demonstrate the sharp climb in what had traditionally been considered risky types of loans. These graphs depict a rise in bank issuance of real estate loans, and further details the authors provide demonstrate that banks have had to stoop to lending to less credit-worthy borrowers in order to increase their financial viability in these cap ti mes (Edwards Mishkin, 27 33).They also depict the methods chosen by banks to increase their activities that take place off the balance sheet. Banks have expanded into the market for financial differential gears, in which they serve as off-exchange or over the counter (OTC) derivatives dealers (34). In order to increase the authority of the article, the writers then provide in several charts concrete evidence of the different kinds of derivative deals in which actual banks have recently participated or mediated. Further evidence concerning the proportion of income banks have derived from these off-balance transactions serve to depict the extent to which they have effaced or replaced traditional banking.Edwards and Mishkins exploration of the spirit of the risk faced by these banks in involving themselves in OTC activities demonstrates the extent to which these institutions have been forced by a declining traditional market to engage in alternate financial activities. Since their de rivative activities have mainly been in the area of swapping interest rates, the risk involved in this can be seen to be highthough tempered by the fact that they do not involve payment of principal amounts (Edwards Miskhin, 38). Furthermore, the authors detailed explanation of swaps and the risks they carry aid the overall understanding of the type of risks banks have been forced to take in order to retain their profits. This leads to a better understanding of the extent to which traditional banking has been transformed.Finally, the authors Edwards and Mishkin go on to outline the regulations that have been put in place and the implications that they are likely to have for bank policies. The need for regulation is expressed in the evidence they produce from the GAO (U.S. Government Accounting Office). It explains that the discounts and insurance provided by Federal Reserve Bank accords to banks a level of security that might induce them to take higher risks that they would (or sho uld) otherwise have taken.Regulations have therefore been made that allow only banks with good management and high capital to engage in some of the riskier types of non-traditional banking activities. Such activities include securities underwriting and trading, and dealing in the derivatives market. The inclusion of these explanations in the article demonstrates the thoroughness of the authors in identifying other reasons (beyond mere competition) why some banks have been or may be forced out of the financial business.The details of policy implications for banks given by the authors are shown to include regulations that ratify banks ability to compete. These measures have also been shown to include the seeking of methods that prevent the fall of capital below certain levels (Edwards Mishkin, 40). In presenting the pros and cons of these ideas, the authors demonstrate and convey a thorough understanding of the intricacies of banking and further communicate the complexities of the business. The writers, through their efforts, also demonstrate the gravity of the situation that banks now face in their need to write policy self-aggrandizing them the ability to expand beyond their traditional financial market.Despite the overall clarity and detail of the ideas presented in support of the authors claims, a level of awkwardness does enter into a few paragraphs of this article. The awkwardness within this article mainly exists in the introductory pages, where Edwards and Mishkin enumerate (rather than explore) the reasons for and the extent of the decline in traditional banking. The confusing nature of the financial situation being faced by banks is translated to the work, as the writers continually meet their given reasons with qualifications to the effect that demonstrate the inadequacy of each explanation.They, for example, identify their measure of banks profitability over a period of time as crude and explain that other measures do not adjust for the expenses associated with generating noninterest income (Edwards Miskhin, 29-30). One gets the feeling that the writers might have taken the trouble to do the extra calculations in order to provide a more comprehensive view of the situation. However, they do provide much more detailed explorations in the ensuing paragraphs.This article by Edwards and Mushkin presents a very interesting and informative view of the current situation facing banks in todays financial market. The traditional role usually occupied by banks as lenders has been undermined by the influx of non-traditional lending institutions. These institutions have taken the opportunity to provide lower-interest loans and higher-interest deposits to customers, thereby forcing banks to flee to riskier methods of gaining revenue. Policies that regulate banks behavior have become necessary as a result of this trend toward riskier business, and this has sparked ideas concerning policy making and the risks and benefits they would impar t to all stakeholders.Work CitedEdwards, Franklin R and Frederic S. Mishkin. The decline of traditional banking implications for financial stability and regulatory policy. FRBNY Economic insurance policy Review. July (1995) 27-45.

Self-healing Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Self-healing direct Systems demonstrateThe dependability of calculating machine dodges is one of the key issues in the technological era. Our daily lives argon currently governed by complex computer musical arrangements (Haugk, Lax, Royer and Williams, 1985). Operating governances qualified of managing key application on computer organizations should be in a position to cope with the increasing rate of softw be problems, malicious attacks and hardw atomic number 18 flaws (Parhami, 2005 and Lohr, 2001). One of the around signifi idlert requirements for operating placements is resilience to shifts.Most of the operating schemas stop operating at once they encounter a problem with the hardw ar or softw be. This results to mischief of applications and info running in the administration. Some common examples of much(prenominal) issues are Windows blue screen errors and warmness panics in UNIX (David and Campbell, n. d). This is unfortunate since the main concern of the users is with the applications and data. They are xenophobic of losing data out of a fault that it not of their making. Even after a fault is encountered in the software or hardware, the users would want to leave their data intact and recoverable.This problem has been taken care of by the invention of Self-healing operating brasss. Self-healing operating systems refer to systems that automatic anyy detect, diagnose and affect software and hardware problems that are localized. There are various techniques that are used by the operating system in recuperation, once an error has been detected (Andrzejak, Geihs, Shehory and Wilkes, 2009). Code reloading Temporary memory errors or memory corruption as a result of an erroneous code hobo lead to errors like illogical focuss to the software code. despite the fact that the ECC memory is capable of detecting and fixing some temporary memory faults, it is not capable of handling corruption faults that result from invalid instructio ns. The simplest most effective technique to cargo hold such a problem is code reloading. This recovery technique reloads the flawed memory work from permanent memory. In shield the fault is permanent, a case that squirt be identified through testing, at that place is a possibility of recovering through remapping of the faulty hardware page utilizing virtual memory support.In case the branching unit points to an undefined command exception, the command is reloaded by the handler from a copy of the system code in memory-mapped permanent memory and the command that is reloaded is executed. This recovery subprogram is the simplest in implementation. However the procedure is not capable of detecting memory corruption resulting from an opcode transforming into another legal opcode (David and Campbell, n. d). Regular checking of the operating system code is important to better staining of flaws in the memory. Hashing and checksums are simple methods of verifying of running system code.If a fault is detected a reload is triggered very fast. This is a preventive strategy that is capable of detecting flaws before they cause errors. The preventive strategy is also capable of detecting faults that induct an opcode to result to another legitimate opcode (Demsky, and Rinard, 2002). CRC-32 checksum of critical kernel code is computed periodically by choices. This is makes sure that the memory where the instruction is stored has not been adulterated. In case the checksum changes as a result of corrupted memory, the b hush up of the memory that is corrupted is reloaded from the permanent memory.Flushing of the instruction cache is carried out to get wind that all the affected commands are disposed of. The checksum tolerate also be computed as soon as an operating system error is detected. This is done to make sure that the system and recovery code is not affected (Liedtke, 1995). Modern ARM-based wait onor designs consist of race Time Integrity Checker (RTIC) hardware. This hardware is capable of organism configured by the operating system for computation and verification of SHA-1 hashes of specific code areas. Once an error is identified, a communication is made to the processor via an crack.The same kind of checksum verification clear be apply in checking the ace of fixed data. Checking the integrity of changing data is hard. One impuissance of this recovery procedure is that it rout outnot be clearly used for codes that are created at run-time or for self-modifying code. This means that care must be taken to make sure that a replica of the created code is stored in a permanent memory (Shapiro, 2004). Component micro-rebooting This technique has been proven to be effective for application programs. Application of this technique to OS is also practicable (Voas and McGraw, 1998).The technique can attend to in recovery from temporary hardware flaws and some system bugs. For the Nooks project, this technique as extension restarts was utilized for recovery of the Linux Kernel. The technique involves reinitialising the corrupted part or destroying and recreating it and then re-requesting the chemical element part. While in code reloading errors are fixed only in processor commands, in this technique errors are fixed in kernel data structures. The technique works in collaboration with isolated component parts. The wrapper elements that offer isolation of the components are also utilised in the anxiety of the recovery.The fault illustration that is addressed in micro-reboot is component-level flaw repression. This can be partly implemented by component isolation (Tanenbaum, herdsman and Bos, 2006). Automatic armed service restarts In case crucial operating system service, like the paging daemon, stops workings, it brings the entire system to a stop. Once the failure of such a crucial process is realised, a restart of the process can solve the problem and continue the feat of the operating system. The flaw m odel that is handled by automatic service restart is superstar-process failure.In this case there is ordinarily no external assert corruption. In micro-kernel OS, this essentially involves detection and restarting of the affected system services that are run as application processes (David, Carlyle and Campbell, 2007). For instance, in Minix3, this operation is carried out by reincarnation server. A system process could be developed such that it is mechanically restarted once it encounters an exception. There is a particular system process that loops constantly awaiting a prepared process and acquiesces to the new process. This special system process is the process dispatcher.The system becomes completely useless once the process dispatcher crashes. This is the reason why in some systems the system dispatcher is executed as a restartable process that can be recovered once it crashes (Demsky and Rinard, n. d). Process restarts whitethorn fail to work where the process utilizes lo cks for accessing shared data structures. Such cases are common where the process dies while holding a single or more locks. Even in case the shared data structures are not affected or they can be corrected, recovery will not happen unless there is releasing of all the locks held by processes.This is why the system should be such that it can track all the locks help by processes and forcefully release any that is help once a process is halted. It is possible to implement lock tracking and force unlocking to ensure that the process runs once a fault has been identified and fixed (Tanenbaum, Herder and Bos, 2006). Watch-dog based recovery This technique utilises external hardware watchdog timers. They are utilised in error detection where the operating system is not doing any useful work. This is such a case where the OS is in an infinite loop. There is need for regular re zealting of the timer by the operating systems.A star sign is sent to the processor once the timer expires. The processor has a reset pin where the timers are commonplacely cabled. They lead to a complete reboot of the system in case of failure. This process has a weakness for a complete reboot results to the loss of user data and applications that are currently in the volatilisable memory. However, since the memory is conserved after a process reset, reconstruction of both the operating systems and user republic is possible. This makes it possible to continue operating after the reset. This way the user data is recovered resulting to higher reliability (Andrzejak, Geihs, Shehory and Wilkes, 2009).This technique has been successfully implemented in Linux and Choices. Once there is resetting of the memory management unit (MMU), interrupt subsystem, watchdog bites, and the processor, the system continues to operate effectively. To be able to avoid loosing the user data, the reset handler passes the usual boot procedure when the reset is instigated by the timer. The reset handler turns the m emory management unit rear on, there is deactivation of the running processes, reinitialising of the interrupts and skips to the OSs process dispatch loop.After this the system runs the next ready process (Shapiro, 2004). altogether that is lost is the process show of the one that was running during the resetting of the processor. The process whose utter is lost cannot be scheduled once more. As a result, it is eliminated from the process queue. A solution to the lock-up state is delivering of exception to the thread that is locked up. In this case, the thread is free to try local recovery rather than being forced to terminate. Watch-dog based recovery uses single process crash as a fault model without external state corruption.The technique utilises the lock tracking code in the release of pooled alternatives that are in a process that is terminated. Another kind of lockup that can initiate a watchdog timeout is a deadlock. Recovery in this case can be tried by restarting som e parts so as to break cycles (Andrzejak, Geihs, Shehory and Wilkes, 2009). Transactional roll- patronage Once an error results to an exception during an operation, there could be a roll back of the state of the part. This can be achieved through the abortion of the operation. After abortion, the operation is then retried.In Choices, management of a transaction is carried out by the same wrapper elements that offer isolation. The transaction is aborted by the wrapper. Where there is unhandled exception, the state of the part is rolled back. It is also possible to use multi-threaded and non-blocking execution offered by RSTM for better surgery (Brown and Patterson, 2001). subscribe to of transactional model on parts results to expenses in terms of property and time. Expenses in terms of space are as a result of transshipment center of backup copies of states prior to transactions.In terms of time, it is receivable to performance of memory copies and management of the memory duri ng the set up and committing of a transaction (Marathe et al. 2006). Transactional roll-back differ from component micro-booting since the roll back is only on the current process, while the latter re-initialises the entire internal state of the process. Based on the kind of the component, either of the two techniques can be employed. Particularly, in case the component has crucial state education that can be lost if component micro-booting is used, then transactional roll-back can be utilised to retain the state.Component micro-booting is useful when the component can withstand state reinitialisation and has few overheads (Demsky and Rinard, n. d). Process-level recovery Where clear recovery cannot work, or in case the recovery process becomes erroneous, specific process states can be stored to permanent memory. This is carried out as the last option is all the others cannot work. Once the user states are stored, the system can attempt full reboot. The state of the processes can t hen be saved selectively into the computer.Every operating system state is reinitialised after the reboot probably removing fleeting errors. Process-level recovery ensures that user applications are not lost when the fault affects only a few system applications or inunlike(p) operating system state. The technique can be used in collaboration with file system snapshots to make sure that the file integrity is not affected after the recovery process by going on to run erroneous processes. This procedure needs minimal support from the operating system. All it requires is an operational permanent memory drive and user process state management code.The stored processes can be restored selectively after the healing process (Ghosha, Sharman, Rao and Upadhyaya, 2007). Conclusion The reliability of computer systems is one of the key issues in the ultramodern society. This is because computers afford become central to our lives and we depend on them for many of our operations. A reliable co mputer system is one that can recover from a fault or an error effectively and without loss of either user applications or data. This is the reason why operating systems have been developed such that they are self-healing.This means that they can automatically detect, diagnose and repair software and hardware problems that are localized. The recovery techniques discussed on the authorship include Code reloading Component micro-rebooting Automatic service restarts Watch-dog based recovery Transactional roll-back and Process-level recovery. Annotated Bibliography Andrzejak, A. , Geihs, K. , Shehory, O. Wilkes, J. (2009). Self-Healing and Self-Adaptive Systems, Dagstuhl Seminar 09201, May 10-15, 2009. This make-up presented in Dagstuhl Seminar tackles various aspects of self-healing and self-adaptive systems.Among the issues discussed in the radical include fault detection and diagnosis, recovery and repair techniques, frameworks and architectures for self-adaptive systems, self-he aling solutions in IT infrastructures, and fault management for application systems. The discussion on recovery and repair techniques makes the paper an important option for the project. Brown, A. , and Patterson, D. (2001). Embracing failure A case for recovery-oriented computing (ROC). High Performance Transaction Processing Symposium, Asilomar, CA (October 2001). This paper is generally on recovery-oriented technology.Brown and Patterson discus various aspects related to recovery from faults and errors in computing. In their work, they have not left out the role of operating systems in recovery, which is the focus of this research. As a result, this paper provides very important instruction for the project. The authors are experts in data recovery and therefore the information provided is reliable in understanding recovery in computing. David, F. Campbell, R. (n. d). Building a Self-Healing Operating System, Urbana, IL University of Illinois. This paper by David, F. Campbell, R.discusses the rationale behind development of Self-healing Operating Systems. They go further to discus the recovery techniques that ensure user applications and data in temporary storage are not lost when an operating system crashes. The techniques discussed include Code reloading Component micro-rebooting Automatic service restarts Watch-dog based recovery Transactional roll-back and Process-level recovery. This makes the paper an important resource for this project. David, F. Carlyle, J. Campbell, R. (2007). Exploring Recovery from Operating System Lockups. In USENIX Annual practiced Conference, Santa Clara, CA.In the recovery process, process restarts may be impossible where the process has locks. This mostly happens where the process terminates while holding a single or more locks. This resource provides crucial information on how to deal with these lock-ups for recovery to be effective. The paper introduces what lock-ups and how to handle them when using different recover y methods. This is what makes it important as an information source for this paper. Demsky, B. and Rinard, M. (2002). Automatic detection and repair of errors in data structures. Technical Report MIT-LCS-TR-875, MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.This paper is on mechanical detection and repair of errors in computer systems. The idea of automatic detection and repair reveals the fact that the operation system is involved in the detection and recovery. The paper provides details on how the self-healing operating system detects and repairs errors in data structures. These are the techniques that are used for detection and recovery which are the main focus of the essay. Demsky, B. Rinard, M. (n. d). Automatic data Structure Repair for SelfHealing Systems. Retrieved on August 3, 2010 from http//people. csail. mit.edu/rinard/paper/sms03. pdf The authors of this paper, Demsky, B. Rinard, M. talk about a system that they came up with that that accepts specifications of key data structure constraints, detects and repairs breaches of these constraints, making it possible for the program to recover from errors and continue working effectively. The paper offers the procedures that the authors use in detection and recovery of their system from the errors. This is what makes the paper significant for the research. Ghosha, D. , Sharman, R. , Rao, R. Upadhyaya, S. (2007). Self-healing systems survey andsynthesis, Decision Support Systems Volume 42, Issue 4. Ghosha, Sharman, Rao and Upadhyaya give a detailed analysis of Self-healing systems. Theirs is a contemporary software-based systems and applications analysis in a world where this has gained significance importance. They discus the ability of Self-healing systems in to manage conflicting resources and service different user needs. They go ahead to discus the need and how to discover and rectify system faults and recovery from errors. They have argued that these systems attempt to heal themselves by recovering from faults and regaining normal performance rates.Haugk, G. , Lax, F. , Royer, R. and Williams, J. (1985). The 5ESS(TM) switching system upkeep capabilities. ATT Technical Journal, 64(6 part2). This paper discusses maintenance capabilities of operating systems. It is a useful recourse for the essay that discusses self-healing of operating systems from an diachronic point of view. Computer systems have been affected by software bugs and hardware faults since the beginning. This article discusses how these bugs and faults that result to errors have been handled since the invention of computer hardware and software. Liedtke, J.(1995). On micro-kernel construction. In SOSP 95 Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, New York ACM Press. This book includes the proceedings of ACM symposium on Operating systems principles in 1995. The book contains a discussion of the component micro-rebooting that has been proven to be effective for application progra ms. The author also argues that the application of this technique to operating system is also practicable. For the Nooks project, this technique as extension restarts was utilized for recovery of the Linux Kernel.This book contains important information on component micro-rebooting as recovery technique for self-healing operating systems. Lohr, S. (2001). Go to The Story of the Math Majors, Bridge Players, Engineers, rig Wizards, Maverick Scientists, and Iconoclasts, the Programmers Who Created the parcel Revolution. New York Basic Books. This book provides important information on the evolution and working of software. The book offers reliable information on software management. Software bugs are some of the problems that cause errors on processes. The book offers a clear understanding of these bugs and ways of dealing with them.Marathe, V. et al. (2006). Lowering the Overhead of Software Transactional Memory. Technical Report TR 893, Computer Science Department, University of Ro chester, Mar 2006. According to this paper, support of transactional model on parts results to overheads in terms of space and time. Expenses in terms of space are as a result of storage of backup copies of states prior to transactions. In terms of time, it is due to performance of memory copies and management of the memory during the set up and committing of a transaction. After providing this fact, the authors goes on to discuss ways of eliminating these overheads.Parhami, B. (2005). Computer Architecture From Microprocessors to Supercomputers, New York Oxford University Press. As the technology has been advancing, so are the changes and needs to have systems that are more reliable. This book has a branch that discusses computer operations and it is the section that has significant information for the paper. Faults in computer hardware are as crucial in error detection and recovery as software. This makes the book important for the research. The research would not be complete wit hout the understanding of computer hardware. Shapiro, M. ( 2004).Self-Healing in Modern Operating Systems. Retrieved on August 3, 2010 http//queue. acm. org/detail. cfm? id=1039537 Shapiro gives an penetration to the topic of self-healing operating systems by first discussing the role played by the operating system in a computer system. It is not possible to understand the concept of self-healing operating systems, without understanding operating systems in general. This is the strength of this article for this research. He goes on to discuss the self-healing system model, which leads to the self-healing operating systems, which is the center of this research.Tanenbaum, A. S. , Herder, J. N. and Bos, H. (2006). Can We mark Operating Systems Reliable and Secure? Computer, 39(5)4451, The reliability of computer systems is one of the key issues in the modern society. This article provides the reasons why computer systems need to be made reliable and dependable. The authors go on to condone ways by which operating systems can be made more reliable in a computing environment prone to hardware faults and software bugs. This book is an important resource for the essay since it provides the solutions to the problem. Voas J. M. and McGraw G. (1998).Software Fault Injection. New York Wiley, 1998. Software Fault Injection is a book that identifies the fact that software bugs can result to unreliability in computer systems. The book discusses ways in which these bugs and errors in computer systems can be identified and what should be done. The solution suggested by Voas J. M. and McGraw G. is related to the operating systems, leading us to what is referred to as self-healing Operating Systems. This section on how the system can solve the problems with the software is the one that offers important information for the research.